Monitoring of chloride and Friedel’s salt, hydration components, and porosity in high-performance concrete

The innovative paper evaluated the water of the sea as a curing component and mixing con�stituent in high-performance concrete (HPC). This motivation would provide an understanding for the reader of how the water from the sea affects the HPC. This paper would provide infor�mation about the mechanism and the influence of prepared high-performance concrete mixed with either freshwater or seawater and made to cure in freshwater, seawater, or air. The mech�anism and the influence were evaluated by XRD tests, SEM observations, and petrography analysis of HPCs at 3 days, 7 days, 28 days, and 90 days. The structure of the Friedel’s salt in�creases tobermorite and ettringite (3CaO.Al2O3.3CaSO432H2O) and retards portlandite (Ca(OH)2) and calcium silicates (2CaO.SiO2 and 3CaO.SiO2) in HPC mixed with seawater for 3–90 days. Air curing reduces the formation of portlandite (Ca(OH)2), tobermorite (3CaO.2SiO2.3H2O), ettrin�gite (3CaO.Al2O3.3CaSO432H2O), and calcium silicate (3CaO.SiO2) in seawater HPC while increasing the formation of calcium silicate (2CaO.SiO2). SEM analysis supports the mechanism
and influence of mixing of seawater, curing in the water of the sea, and curing treatment in the air. According to data from petrographic analysis and porosity testing, the porosity was decreased by the seawater and curing treatment in the seawater in HPC mixes. In terms of hydration.